The strategies adopted by given organizations

The historical backdrop of General Electric Company is a noteworthy piece of the historical backdrop of innovation in the United States. General Electric (GE) has developed from Thomas Edison’s home research facility into probably the biggest organization on the planet, following the advancement of electrical innovation from the least complex early applications into the cutting edge wizardry of the mid 21st century. The organization has likewise developed into an aggregate, with an expanding shift from innovation to administrations, and with 11 fundamental working units: GE Advanced Materials, a pro in elite built thermoplastics, silicon-based items, and combined quartz and pottery utilized in a wide assortment of ventures; GE Consumer and Industrial, which is one of the world’s driving machine makers, remains as a transcendent worldwide creator of lighting items for purchaser, business, and mechanical clients, and furthermore gives incorporated modern gear, frameworks, and administrations; GE Energy, one of the biggest innovation providers to the vitality business; GE Equipment Services, which offers leases, advances, and different administrations to medium and enormous organizations around the globe to assist them with dealing with their business hardware; GE Healthcare, a world head in clinical analytic and interventional imaging innovation and administrations; GE Infrastructure, which is engaged with high-innovation defensive and efficiency arrangements in such regions as water decontamination, office security, plant computerization, and programmed ecological controls; GE Transportation, the biggest maker of little and huge fly motors for business and military airplane on the planet, just as the main producer of diesel cargo trains in North America; NBC Universal (80 percent claimed by GE), a worldwide media and diversion mammoth with a wide scope of benefits, including the NBC and Telemundo telecom companies, a few link stations, and the Universal Pictures film studio; GE Commercial Finance, which gives organizations, especially in the mid-showcase section, with a variety of money related administrations and items, including credits, working leases, and financing programs; GE Consumer Finance, a main budgetary administrations supplier, serving buyers, retailers, and automobile seller in around three dozen nations; and GE Insurance, which is associated with so m uch regions as extra security, resource the board, contract protection, and reinsurance. The stunning size of GeneralElectric, which positioned fifth in the Fortune 500 out of 2003, turns out to be much increasingly obvious through the disclosure that each of the company’s 11 working units, whenever recorded independently, would qualify as a Fortune 500 organization. GE works in excess of 100 nations worldwide and produces around 45 percent of its incomes outside the United States. Through the span of its 110 or more long stretches of advancement, General Electric has amassed in excess of 67,500 licenses, and the firm’s researchers have been granted two Nobel Prizes and various different distinctions. Thomas Edison set up himself during the 1870s as a designer subsequent to formulating, at the age of 23, an improved stock ticker. He in this manner started research on an electric light as a swap for gas light, the standard strategy for enlightenment at that point. In 1876 Edison moved into a research facility in Menlo Park, New Jersey. After two years, in 1878, Edison set up, with the assistance of his companion Grosvenor Lowry, the Edison Electric Light Company with a capitalization of $300,000. Edison got half of the new company’s shares on the understanding that he chip away at building up a brilliant lighting framework. The serious issue Edison and his group of authorities confronted was finding a simple to-create fiber that would oppose the en try of electrical flow in the bulb for quite a while. He triumphed just a year in the wake of starting examination when he found that basic sewing string, once carbonized, worked in the research center. For down to earth applications, be that as it may, he changed to carbonized bamboo. Building up an electrical lighting framework for an entire network included more than only building up an electric bulb; the gadgets that produced, transmitted, and controlled electric force likewise must be created. Likewise, Edison composed investigation into these territories and in 1879, that year that he delivered an electric bulb, he additionally built the primary dynamo, or direct-flow (DC) generator. The first utilization of electric lighting was on the steamship Columbia in 1880. In that equivalent year, Edison developed a three-mile-long preliminary electric railroad at his Menlo Park research facility. The principal singular arrangement of electric lighting came in 1881, in a printing plant . Be that as it may, the principal full-scale open use of the Edison lighting framework was really made in London, at the Holborn Viaduct. The principal framework in the United States came not long after when Pearl Street Station was opened in New York City. Segments of the framework were made by various organizations, some of which were composed by Edison; lights originated from theparent organization, dynamos from the Edison Machine Works, and changes from Bergmann and Company of New York. In 1886 the Edison Machine Works was moved from New Jersey to Schenectady, New York. While these advancements unfurled at Edison’s organization, the Thomson-Houston Company was framed from the American Electric Company, established by Elihu Thomson and Edwin Houston, who held a few licenses for their improvement of circular segment lighting. A portion of their electrical frameworks contrasted from Edison’s using substituting flow (AC) hardware, which can transmit over longer separations than DC frameworks. By the mid 1890s the spread of charge was compromised by the contention between the two innovations and by patent stops, which forestalled further improvements due to patent-encroachment issues. By 1889, Edison had combined the entirety of his organizations under the name of Edison General Electric Company. After three years, in 1892, this organization was converged with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to shape the General Electric Company. In spite of the fact that this merger was the defining moment in the charge of the United States, it came a bout in Edison’s renunciation from GE. He had been named to the top managerial staff yet he went to just one executive gathering, and sold the entirety of his offers in 1894, however he stayed an expert to General Electric and kept on gathering eminences on his licenses. The leader of the new organization was Charles A. Casket, a previous shoe producer who had been the main figure at Thomson-Houston. Final resting place remained leader of General Electric until 1913, and was executive from that point until 1922. In the mean time, additionally in 1892, GE’s stock started exchanging on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1884 Frank Julian Sprague, a designer who had dealt with electric frameworks with Edison, surrendered and shaped the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company, which fabricated the primary huge scope electric trolley framework in the United States, in Richmond, Virginia. In 1889 Sprague’s organization was bought by Edison’s. Meanwhile, the two other significant electric-railroad organizations in the United States had converged with Thomson-Houston, so that when General Electric was framed, it was the significant provider of charged railroad frameworks in the United States. One year after the arrangement of General Electric, the organization won an offer for the development of enormous AC engines in a material factory in South Carolina. The engines were the biggest fabricated by General Electric at that point and were fruitful to such an extent that orders soon beganto stream in from different enterprises, for example, concrete, paper, and steel. In that equivalent year, General Electric started its first endeavor into the field of intensity transmission with the opening of the Redlands-Mill Creek power line in California, and in 1894 the organization built an enormous force transmission line at Niagara Falls. In the mean time the company’s electric-railroad adventures delivered a raised electric train encompassing the carnival of the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893. Jolt of existing rail lines started two years after the fact. By the turn of the century General Electric was fabricating everything associated with the jolt of the United States: generators to deliver power, transmission gear to convey power, modern electric engines, electric lights, and electric trains. It is imperative to any comprehension of the development of GE to understand that however it was assorted from the earliest starting point, the entirety of its undertakings fixated on the charge program. It is additionally important that it worked in the virtual nonattendance of rivalry. General Electric and the Westinghouse Electric Company had been contenders, yet the organizations went into a patent pool in 1896. In 1900 GE set up the main mechanical research facility in the United States. Up to that point, research had been done in colleges or in private labs like Edison’s Menlo Park lab. At first, the lab was set up in an animal dwellingplace behind the place of one of the analysts, yet the lab was moved in 1900 to Schenectady, New York, after it was decimated in a fire. The leader of the examination division was an educator from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The significance of examination at General Electric can't be thought little of, for GE has been granted a bigger number of licenses throughout the years than some other organization in the United States. During the early many years of the twentieth century General Electric gained further ground in its built up fields and furthermore made its first significant expansion. In 1903 General Electric purchased the Stanley Electric Manufacturing Company of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, a producer of transformers. Its author, William Stanley, was the designer of the transformer. At this point GE’s first lights were in evident need of progress. Edison’s bamboo fiber was

IMPAIRMENT NEURAL DEVELOPMENTS AND SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM DISORDER Essay

Mental imbalance range issue are a typical neural formative mind condition (Cheng et al., 2010). It doesn't have binding together neurobiological or neurotic etiology (Geschwind& Levitt, 2007) .It described by weakened social connection and relational abilities and confined monotonous conduct (Johnson and Myers, 2007). Ailment, for example, mental hindrance, chromosomal abnormalities and seizures are frequently show up with chemical imbalance (Casanova, 2007). During initial 3 years of youth, these significant side effects are uncovered (Casanova, 2007). Mental imbalance is one of three perceived condition and the other two know as Asperger’s disorder (Levy, Mandell, and Schultz, 2009). There are additionally auxiliary indications that may not be appeared in individual with mental imbalance issue, for example, lower IQ execution and tangible affectability (Alexander et al., 2006). It happens because of adjusted acknowledgment and association of mind nerve cell and their ne urotransmitters (Levy et al., 2009). Other factor add to the event of mental imbalance are hereditary qualities or ecological components or both (Rodier, 2004). In 1960s, it was evaluated to happen in five in each 10,000 youngster worldwide yet this number is expanded as of late to be 72 in each 10,000 kid since the 1990s because of the change in symptomatic practice and media consideration (Newschaffer et al, 2007). The explanation of expanding this issue in ongoing year is as yet obscure (Comi, Zimmerman, Frye, Law, and Peeden, 1999). This article will talk about the reasons for Autism range issue, mind structure changes that engaged with this condition and in this way the major and auxiliary side effects event in identifying with these structure weakened improvement in the cerebrum. Mental imbalance shows up between undeveloped organism advancement and the initial 3 years of kid improvement and c... ... Schendel, D., and Windham, G. C. (2007).The Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Annu. Fire up. General Health, 28, 21.1â€21. Geschwind D. H., and Levitt, P. (2007), Autism range issue: formative disengagement disorder. Neurobiology 17,103â€11. Johnson, C. P., and Myers, S. M. (2007). Recognizable proof and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. PEDIATRICS, 120, 1183-1215. Toll, S. E., Mandell, D. S., and Schultz, R. T. (2009). Mental imbalance. The Lancet, 374(9701), 1627 †1638. Lam, K. S. L., and Aman, M. G. (2007). The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: Independent Validation in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, 37, 855â€866. Rodier, P. M. (2000). The Early Origins of Autism. Logical American, 56-63. Rodier, P. M. (2004). Natural Causes of Central Nervous System Maldevelopment. PEDIATRICS, 113, 1076-1083.

The Rwandan Genocide Hutus and Tutsi Ethnic Hatred

The Rwandan decimation caused the passing of very nearly one million individuals, and the occurrence will stay in history for eternity. The Rwandan populace contained numerous Hutus and a couple of Tutsis. Since the Tutsis were more effective than the Hutus, there was hostility between the two groups.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Rwandan Genocide: Hutus and Tutsi Ethnic Hatred explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More People have consistently accepted that the ethnic contempt between the Hutus and the Tutsi was the center reason for the massacre. Be that as it may, examine shows that there were other different and complex reasons for the massacre. There were political, financial and social factors that were related with the massacre, where, the political pioneers assumed the focal job in executing the decimation. In any case, the inquiry that remaining parts in numerous people’s minds is the reason the universal network never mediated . Somewhat, both the Rwandan and worldwide entertainers assumed a job in making the conditions for the destruction. After the Rwandan and worldwide entertainers executed the annihilation, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) acted the hero the nation. This paper gives an exhaustive conversation of the Rwandan decimation. The slaughtering of Juvenal Habyarimana, the leader of Rwanda and Burundi, in a plane shooting denoted the start of the Rwandan decimation. President Habyarimana was a Hutu, whose authoritarian system disallowed the Tutsis from participating in the legislature. Be that as it may, in 1993, the president marked the Arusha Accords that permitted the Tutsis to have the forces to take part in the administration. The Hutus were disturbed, and that was likely the explanation for the shooting of the president’s plane. Be that as it may, the Hutus reprimanded the Tutsi’s for the shooting, and in this manner, the Hutu’s political elites started the slaughter . With the help of the military, around 800,000 individuals that involved Tutsis and moderate Hutus lost their lives.Advertising Looking for paper on political theories? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The death of men, ladies and offspring of the referenced networks proceeded from April to July 1994, as the worldwide network saw all the procedures. The UN had no political will to stop the massacre due to the mixed up view of the African clashes (Power 102). This plainly shows the universal on-screen characters executed the slaughter in light of the fact that their activities rendered a great situation for the deaths. As indicated by the law of the United Nations, massacre is a brutal wrongdoing, regardless of whether it occurs in harmony or during the war. The carelessness of the UN to start a peacekeeping crucial Rwandan slaughter is one of the UN’s biggest disappointments. From the manner in which the slaughters o ccurred, it was apparent that the decision party authorities and the top government were the fundamental on-screen characters who sorted out the massacre (Fujii 570). The media was another gathering of entertainers who communicated messages to help the killings. It is exceptionally debilitating that individuals in the entire world saw the Rwandan slaughters, yet nobody mediated. (Barnett 56). The slaughter proceeded until the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) interceded and halted the decimation. The completely prepared military gathering contained the Tutsis, and hence, the military had been ousted to Uganda. The gathering rose to save their nation, and after a few battles with the Hutus, the military assumed control over the legislature and halted the massacre. The RPF are the Rwandan entertainers who assumed a basic job in recuperating the nation after the slaughter. Murder had occurred in houses of worship, emergency clinics, schools, and every single other zone that the Tutsis look ed for shelter. In any case, it is empowering that the survivors leant a lesson.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Rwandan Genocide: Hutus and Tutsi Ethnic Hatred explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, Rwanda has the most minimal crime percentages when contrasted with numerous African nations. Paul Kagame, who was the pioneer of the RPF, turned into the leader of Rwanda, and he was later reappointed as the president. Paul Kagame’s efforts as president are praised over the world. Works Cited Barnett, Michael. Observer to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, London: Cornell University, 2002. Print. Fujii, Lee Ann. â€Å"The Power of Local Ties: Popular Participation in the Rwandan Genocide.† Security Studies 17.3 (2008): 568-597. Print. Force, Samantha. â€Å"Bystanders to Genocide: Why the United States let the Rwandan Tragedy happen.† The Atlantic Monthly 288.2 (2001): 84-108. Print. This exposition on The Rwandan Genocide: Hutus and Tutsi Ethnic Hatred was composed and presented by client Qu1nt1n to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Research Paper Topics - How to Do Them

<h1>Research Paper Topics - How to Do Them</h1><p>If you're searching for thoughts for another or utilized research paper subject, a great spot to begin is in the study hall. It's regularly hard to concoct a subject for your paper; recall that as you're doing your exploration, the theme should coordinate the point you're doing in the class. In the event that you discover a theme that should be possible well and that understudies would welcome, you can generally add it to your examination paper.</p><p></p><p>If you need more motivation, you can peruse the Internet and look at a portion of the free or minimal effort online course points. You'll discover many subjects to browse, and you'll have the option to get great references for the examination paper subject of your choice.</p><p></p><p>Another interesting point when making an exploration paper is program assessment. Assessments help the two understudies and educators comprehend their understudies' information. Understudies who are assessed as they complete assignments increment their self-assurance just as their knowledge.</p><p></p><p>Program assessment helps understudies from multiple points of view. Assessments assist understudies with getting comfortable with their qualities and shortcomings. They likewise assist understudies with building up a superior comprehension of what they have to do to expand their general degree of knowledge.</p><p></p><p>When you're assessing understudies, remember that you have to have understudies compose an article, instead of essentially having the instructor recited their work so anyone can hear. The educator should then peruse an outline of the understudy's article to a class of understudies, who at that point structure an agreement on whether the understudy is a normal student.</p><p></p><p>Program assessment can likewise be utilized by understudies to figure out how to do investigate successfully. These assessments help understudies to all the more likely comprehend their own qualities and shortcomings and to realize what they have to do to improve. Assessments are additionally compelling in helping understudies become mindful of how they can more readily compose and arrange their examination papers.</p><p></p><p>As you start to make explore paper subjects, consider some exploration that you've done in the past that you'd prefer to allude to. You might need to look into some data to assist you with your examination, or you might need to allude to an old reference material that you can utilize. You may likewise need to look into an old course that you took in school, or an old paper article that you read at the library.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise consider utilizing programs for making research paper points. There are numerous projects accessible that can assi st you with concocting point thoughts, and they can likewise assist you with finding out about the kind of subjects that are out there and how best to approach them.</p>

Essay Samples by Esl Features

<h1> Essay Samples by Esl Features </h1> <p>Professional journalists are all around prepared and have a lot of understanding so can think of a couple of the best work. So should you should utilize school exposition author on the web, we're only the individuals who you'll have to contact. At the point when you are mentioned to form an exposition, endeavor to find a few examples (models) of comparable composition and figure out how to watch the art of the author. In case you're to truly pick up from model articles, you should see how to peruse the procedures of the essayist'. </p> <p>Based on your current English language ability level, composing a spectacular exposition may seem, by all accounts, to be a scary undertaking! In case you're expounding on something which isn't from your own understanding, don't simply use Wikipedia, I know we all adoration it, however it isn't sufficient. When you pick the language, you must structure your CV and an introductory letter in exactly the same language. On the planet today, the English language has come to be a critical thing. </p> <h2> Get the Scoop on Essay Samples by Esl Before You're Too Late </h2> <p>You may utilize the examples as an establishment for turning out to be the means by which to write in the correct style. There are specific data and data that must be traded via phone. Obviously, our administrations aren't free, however be certain they genuinely are moderately ease. The objective of these internet composing specialist co-ops is customers' fulfillment all together that th ey are constantly arranged to give a lot of time to every one of their clients. </p> <h2>What's Actually Happening with Essay Samples by Esl </h2> <p>The process for buying a customized exposition is so easy. This understudy formats bolster the development of paper composing abilities. Try not to disregard the library. Composing Peak has on record a choice of custom paper test choices to accommodate your prerequisites. </p> <p>If you are stressed over school or school article accommodation, look at some on-line sites and see for the best yet reasonable suppliers and locate the best expositions composed on any themes and score best. It would be ideal if you know that a couple of these school exposition models could be reacting to prompts that are done being utilized. The factious paper is a significant helpful trial of an understudy's ability to think. Your worldwide warming powerful exposition should be based esl subtleties. </p> <h2>Essay Samples by Esl at a Glance </h2> <p>The past issue to watch is the best approach to make an end for a descriptive article. At the point when you're learning an unknown dialect your primary want is to begin talking it once conceivable and ideally solid like a local speaker. You can't compose an extraordinary exposition at whatever point you are in a surge or considering a few different things you have to do. A significant point to remember is to verify you don't have a thing in the article that isn't identified with your subject. </p> <p>Yes, you must be mindful and genuine about any of this, yet don't sob hysterically on the off chance that you got a horrible evaluation. Despite the fact that a completely free instance of a paper can work as a very guide, the reality remains that your educators for the most part appoint work that anticipates that you should join course material or ongoing paper articles. Figure out how to contend each side of a powerful subject, use a lead and the sky is the limit from there. </p> <p>There's various papers finished by them. It is an intense procedure in article composing when you don't have a structure to follow. At the point when you create a speedy exposition, you need to recollect that there are no components to be yielded. There's no perfect arrangement on how best to make a successful exposition. </p> <p>When you make the article, you ought to pick one specific side to focus on. Short expositions are still spend the kind of formal article on the grounds that the parts should get remembered for it. These seven example papers react to a wide assortment of provocative inquiries. Or on the other hand Characteristics of fabulous exposition. </p> <h2>Essay Samples by Esl </h2> <p>The absolute initial step you should do is make sure your ESL understudies see how an exposition should be organized. There are loads of approaches to make an article. In this way, there are different ways an exposition can be composed. Bridget's article is very solid, yet there keep on being a couple easily overlooked details that could be made better.</p> <p>Essays don't should be troublesome! You should remember that English paper isn't just an errand to explain your. No one anticipates that your absolute first exposition should be perfect. Stephen's exposition is fairly viable. </p> <h2>Top Essay Samples by Esl Secrets </h2> <p>So to get a little alleviation from this extra weight, it is significant that understudies get their articles composed by online experts. In Japanese, it's alluded to as Rirekisho'. ESL understudies need such a framework and structure. A lot of ESL Oriental understudies frequently expel pronouns which regularly achieve a sequential action word development. </p>

Persuasive Essay Topics - Techniques To Improve Your Essay Topics

<h1>Persuasive Essay Topics - Techniques To Improve Your Essay Topics</h1><p>One of the best approaches to pick up the consideration of your perusers and cause them to concur with you is by utilizing influential article points. Exposition points are regularly either put toward the finish of the paper or even the principal passage. Here are a few methods that can assist you with improving your influential paper topics:</p><p></p><p>Be brief and basic words. A decent influential exposition ought to be clear and to the point. In any case, that doesn't mean you need to confine yourself to utilizing these couple of words. What we need is to utilize a great deal of words that will engage the peruser. In any case, we likewise need to keep the significance of the point while utilizing words.</p><p></p><p>Be somewhat bold. On the off chance that you think that its exhausting to write in a long arrangement, why not take a stab a t something other than what's expected? Write in short sections, so you can without much of a stretch relate your point to the entire paper.</p><p></p><p>Your subjects must address you. Once in a while you may compose what you think you know, yet it is essential to consistently utilize your own encounters when composing. This is significant particularly in the event that you have something individual to say.</p><p></p><p>Using an outline is a smart thought. A pleasant influential paper will as a rule accompany a decent picture that you can feature, include some content and include some data. Ensure that you cause the readers to notice the chart.</p><p></p><p>Be energetic. Perhaps the most ideal approaches to draw in the perusers is by utilizing humor. For instance, on the off chance that you need to sell a point, give them something entertaining to kid about, sufficiently only to make them laugh.</p><p& gt;</p><p>There are much progressively powerful exposition subjects and it relies upon the theme itself. It very well may be hard for you to choose which ones to utilize, however once you know your picked theme, at that point everything will become easier.</p>

Benefits of Paper Writing Services

<h1>Benefits of Paper Writing Services</h1><p>Paper composing administrations give various advantages to organizations, from just conveying their special materials, to planning undeniable corporate reports. They can be utilized to make new layouts and improve the appearance of your current documents.</p><p></p><p>With their various highlights, they can help organizations in making new formats. These new layouts are then used to accomplish the best outcomes. They accompany broad customization capacities, making them the ideal instrument for growing new templates.</p><p></p><p>Other advantages of these administrations incorporate audio cues, numerous layers of layouts, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. They can make formats that are special to each organization. This permits them to guarantee that each organization has an indistinguishable format. By doing this, the organization can make exceptionally expert and ex tensive presentations.</p><p></p><p>Another highlight that makes paper composing administrations important is their capacity to modify reports as per the necessities of every business. Every business will require an alternate sort of layout, so it will be ideal to tailor it to each organization. The customer is then given a decision of which layout they need to use.</p><p></p><p>They are likewise ready to make and oversee archives rapidly. The capacity to send and get archives in a matter of moments at all makes them a perfect answer for conferences. The capacity to tweak layouts permits clients to have a definitive authority over their documents.</p><p></p><p>These administrations are additionally ready to make envelopes and writing material that will help arrive at the intended interest group. Regardless of whether it is an official gathering or a straightforward mail out, the paper composing administrations c an help in ensuring that the records are gotten appropriately. By setting aside the effort to redo the records, it is conceivable to enhance the nature of the business presentation.</p><p></p><p>These organizations are likewise equipped for offering different sorts of envelopes. The envelopes can be uniquely crafted and planned by the organization's needs. This will permit them to make and oversee envelopes effectively.</p><p></p><p>Any business can profit by these administrations. The extraordinary thing about these administrations is that they can help in creating top quality introductions. Besides, by giving custom formats, the paper composing administrations can help in creating layouts that will function admirably for the objective audience.</p>

Argumentative Research Paper Topics For Psychology

<h1>Argumentative Research Paper Topics For Psychology</h1><p>There are a few contentious research paper themes for brain science. A portion of these subjects are known as the definitive points. The more top to bottom the subject, the more it is simpler to get past the schoolwork and for understudies to exceed expectations at the subject.</p><p></p><p>Each point has a real existence cycle happens after some time. There is a ton of contention on which themes matter more, and which subjects ought to be disregarded. It is hard to get understudies to concur on the best pugnacious research paper subjects for brain science and which points ought not be contacted by any stretch of the imagination. Thusly, the individuals who have said that pretty much any point can be a pugnacious research paper theme for brain science, have likely done as such for different reasons.</p><p></p><p>Those who are master in this branch of knowled ge may in reality contend the benefits of contending contentions when contending contentions could hinder figuring out how to think. A wide range of contention are offered for pugnacious research paper themes for brain science. These contentions can run from the exemplary to the clever to the racy. It is dependent upon the understudy to choose what they need to discover in the pugnacious research paper points for psychology.</p><p></p><p>One of the more recognizable contentions about factious research paper subjects for brain science incorporates the contention that the contentious kinds of the themes can befuddle understudies and can impede their examinations. The response to this contention is that an understudy who knows about the subject will have the option to 'talk through' contentions for themselves far superior to somebody who is new to the point. An understudy may even end up appreciating the argumentation with the remainder of the class.</p>&l t;p></p><p>Another mainstream contention that can be found in numerous contentions that identify with factious research paper subjects for brain research is that pretty much any contention that could be made can be made in the theme. This is valid, yet is then trailed by the words, 'yet it isn't correct.' A case of this is when contending the contention that the pugnacious research paper points for brain science ought to be less questionable. Many have said that a contention can be valid without it being true.</p><p></p><p>It ought to be noticed that there are numerous contentious research paper subjects for brain science that are not disputable and that don't have colossal discussion about them. Maybe those will be generally valuable for those understudies who are more keen on being out of the study hall and somewhat more keen on having a great time in the homeroom. A portion of these themes incorporate math, language, data, wellbeing and medi cine.</p><p></p><p>Whether it is the pugnacious research paper subjects for brain science that have given understudies a bit of leeway in their examinations or whether it is simply acceptable research that they can be glad for, one thing that is sure is that understudies gain from the contentions. They discover why individuals don't make a specific contention. Numerous understudies gain from what they read, and they gain from what they don't read.</p>

Buying Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay

<h1>Buying Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay </h1> <p>In India about 70% of the whole populace depends on the agribusiness and is among the wellsprings of occupation for those people especially in the country areas. America ought not give outside guide to different countries. </p> <p>Nowadays the perfect utilization of automatons is introduced in the locales where there are no streets. High-stakes state testing should be abrogated. Regardless of whether you think in a particular contention unequivocally, in the event that you come up short on the proof to exhibit your point, at that point your contention may very well be as incredible as lost. Figure out which side of the difficult you have faith in. </p> <h2> Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay and Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay - The Perfect Combination </h2> <p>On the 1 hand, numerous mishaps happen because of a driver's carelessness. At precisely the same time, numerous people contend that the likelihood of pesticides in our food is precarious to neglect, as it may hurt the bugs as well as the people who expend the merchandise as well. </p> <p>Perhaps the most noteworthy territory to consider when it has to do with natural food is just eating it. The period food propensities alludes to the manners in which people use food, including how food is gotten and put away, how it is readied, how it is served and to whom, and the manner in which it's expended. Consequently the sustenance of individuals all through the world is among the best worldwide Problems of the current second. Because of the spread of unsafe synthetic compounds and different food preparing strategies, they are confronting medical issues. </p> <p>Inspiration to make your own promoting or media contentious exposition points isn't generally difficult to find. You would need to utilize realities as opposed to conclusions having this kind of article. Natural food can be viewed as a superior other option, as it is progressively common. Choosing a subject for this sort of paper can be hard. </p> <p>If you wish to figure out how to form magnificent expositions on human science, simply make the resulting strides. You are an authentic master with respect to powerful exposition subjects. Exploring the subject grants you to discover increasingly about what captivates you, and should you pick something you truly like, composing the paper will be progressively pleasant. Presumably you do, in light of the fact that you're chasing for help with your paper composing. </p> <p>It's the splendid occasion of powerful composition! Numerous understudies tend to experience the composing issues because of the deficiency of reasonable comprehension. P.S. Remember you can contact online scholarly essayists to help in theme choice notwithstanding composing the whole paper from start to finish. You may need to dedicate a day or two on the endeavor. </p> <p>Social organizing remarks ought to be protected by free discourse. Realities, over the long haul, will consistently win out against how people are feeling at a particular second. Publicizing and the media are currently about indistinguishable from society for an entirety. </p> <p>Our populace is expanding at a rapid speed. As shoppers and residents on the planet today, your understudies get an assortment of unmistakable messages about what kinds of nourishments are adequate to buy and eat, and why. Indeed, there's a madly modest number of individuals who work in agribusiness. Pick the intended interest group. </p> <h2>Things You Won't Like About Good Topics Regarding Food and Agriculture to Talk about for an Essay and Things You Will </h2> <p>There are perpetually an expansive scope of suppositions on the subject of innovation, and here are our preferred interesting points on this issue. Realize which of the themes, you at present have a g enuinely decent foundation on which will make it workable for you to have a relative edge. The rundown is planned to rouse thoughts. The best strategy to utilize that is as a manual for get your own one of a kind imaginative energies working. </p> <p>The impact of farming on the country's development is unquestionably very high and that is the explanation endeavors should be made to improve it. The horticulture government underpins monetarily impacts the food flexibly and human health. In the event that you ought to compose farming papers, pick which nation you are probably going to portray for instance. You should find realities about the condition of agribusiness in the country of your pick. </p> <p>Agriculture research paper manages various features of horticulture. In the bygone eras of cultivating, ranchers just expected to purchase seeds once in a while since they could the seeds from the current yield. The revolution of harvests is an awesome way to deal with secure much better yield from the land. </p>

Why These Parts Matter When Writing An Essay

Why These Parts Matter When Writing An EssayDescriptive essay topics of an object, as it is generally known, refer to the main body of a document and hence vary depending on the content. In addition to giving an overview of what an item is, a description also includes the pros and cons of the item.Good descriptive essay topics of an object can include, in no particular order, its physical qualities, how it made a difference in history, its significance or cultural relevance, its artistic or aesthetic value or some other such topic that can be easily converted into a paragraph or two. As such, it can be relatively easy to cover all of these different elements in a single document.Once this has been established, the next step would be to make sure that the appropriate title is chosen for each of the relevant items. Doing so will also help with the research aspect of the whole process and by the time it is finished, you will have the opportunity to compile a document that can contain ev erything that needs to be discussed.The next major aspect of good descriptive essay topics of an object is to ensure that the background of the writer is at least adequate. Any writer who would be expected to include something in their work that would not necessarily be present in it would almost certainly be putting their readers at a disadvantage.The last major part of good descriptive essay topics of an object is to ensure that the writer can incorporate enough information into their topic to make the actual subject a worthwhile read. Just as the title is a great beginning point, a good description is even better when it can combine a few pointers into the description itself to keep the reader interested.The final major issue in the essay topics of an object is to ensure that the writer is capable of completing the task successfully. A good description should be not only informative but also interesting and engaging.All of these aspects must be considered carefully applied when w riting descriptions of objects in an essay. If the appropriate focus and background of the subject can be established with the proper keyword usage and understanding what makes the subject interesting should be the primary concern.These three parts of good descriptive essay topics of an object are essential. More than anything else, they will allow the essay to be successful as a piece of written content and will ensure that the reader will stick around and come back to read the rest of the document.

Supporting Or Refuting The Use Of The Nozicks Experience Machine - 825 Words

Supporting Or Refuting The Use Of The Nozick's Experience Machine (Case Study Sample) Content: Students Name Instructors Name Course Date The Nozicks Experience Machine Introduction I would not plug into Nozicks experience machine basing on a number of factors. Firstly, this machine is not based on reality but only fantasy. In as much one would desire to do or become something in future, having an experience or the feeling on the same does not remit that desire completely (Weijers 520). There is no actualization of ones desire. I would say that this experience machine is a form of a dreaming box where someone goes through a series of events and moments that he or she is not having them in the real sense. In other words, it is just meant to cure short-terms desires without having to transcend through all the levels to reach the long-term fulfillment. I would want to have contact with my reality and not just having experiences about it. Secondly, the Nozicks experience machine does not give the true picture of an individual. It is evidently true that one may d esire to have an experience of anything he or she aspires to be. However, the experience portrayed by this machine does not really give out the actual character and personality of that particular user. The reality is the only fundamental measure that can rate and paint the true picture of a person. Relying on machines will only give the experience that one desires but in the reality, he or she cannot afford the same experience (Weijers 529). Like any other manmade machinery, Nozicks experience machine is subject to failure, and so its reliability is at stake. One may not be certain when the machine might malfunction and the effects or consequences associated and this makes it risky at the same time. I would want to imagine when one is plugged into that machine and in the course of the event the machine fails or develops complications. It is absolutely indisputable that the first person to affect is the one plugged in. I would presume the effects may be more mental than physical bec ause the brain is the major concern in this. Issues of mental impairment or disillusionment may arise (Weijers 517). Human beings are not automatic beings. They are meant to engage and take part in activities and not just have an experience of them. The world provides opportunities for the only people who do activities and not those who have had the experience of how such activities are done. Getting the experience from the Nozicks machine will only make one satisfied for a very short moment, but doing the activity brings eternal satisfaction without further desire. Experience which is not put into practice is nothing but a waste. The experience machine only grants experience that youve no...

An Actionable Guide on Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students in an Easy to Follow Order

<h1> An Actionable Guide on Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students in an Easy to Follow Order</h1> <p>To recognize the sorts of expositions is just a matter of distinguishing the writer's target. In order to present a perfect paper, you have to accomplish something other than underline the similitudes or contrasts. The kind of thoroughly analyze paper point you select ought to consistently delineate your level of learning. Prior to composing, contemplate this issue and the purpose of your paper. </p> <p>Don't burn through your time and look for the administrations of a specialist to assist you with understanding your scholastic dreams. Every day incorporates diverse logical progressions. The main thing which you ought to do before you begin composing is to settle on a legitimate theme to expound on. For instance an individual may choose a theme like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. </p> <h2> Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students for Dummies </h2> <p>The truth is an expanding measure of undergrads could require a cheap school task of top quality to get the opportunity to know about their educational gauges. The 2 subjects ought to vary from each other. Every so often it just looks straightforward, yet bunches of understudies disregard the kind of scholastic composing they need to follow. You may likewise address understudies and educators to find their supposition on instruction. </p> <p>Co-curricular exercises have a noteworthy impact in the lives of the understudies. Understudies who exceed expectations recorded as a hard copy about such complex theme could have a chance to be enlisted into some of the perfect Art colleges to concoct their capacities and ability. </p> <h2> The 30-Second Trick for Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students </h2> <p>If fundamental, you could generally go to experts to flexibly you with a push or help you with your themes or sources. Additionally, there are bounty and a lot of assets to use to create your paper, so there shouldn't be any issue with your examination. There is a scope of intriguing look into article subjects you may pick from you can portray laws you need to make, to give a few changes in accordance with previously existing laws, or to propose to drop a law which you don't care for explicit clarifications. A few themes can have an association with the law for e xample, capital punishment or fetus removal authorization. </p> <h2>The Death of Samples of Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students </h2> <p>You can obtain the absolute best custom article help from us in an assortment of subjects. It is conceivable to utilize story exposition models secondary school to discover more. Else, you should take a gander at some of the simple thoroughly analyze article subjects on the numerous logical developments. You should be extremely cautious while picking an article point. </p> <p>Since you can tell from the name of the kind of paper itself, what you have to do is look at something and note what the article requires. It's workable for you to utilize any as the subject of your exposition especially when you're not relegated a particular topic. Story exposition points Narrative article is to some degree not the same as various sorts. How might you compose a good factious exposition. </p> <p>So now you know about how to choose the best look into subjects and the different portions which you need to address when composing. In most of occasions, the themes you select ought to be firmly related. The points you'll discover here require an unmistakable methodology as you endeavor to create helpful and precise substance. Fortunate for you, there are numerous themes you could focus on when composing and it's all your duty to determine the exact subject that you might want to expand on. </p>

Tips For Finding the Best Research Paper Writing Service

Tips For Finding the Best Research Paper Writing ServiceWhile there are hundreds of different paid research papers online, only a select few will make you a significant amount of money in the long run. The best research paper writing service is the one that can help you out in finding the exact keywords and phrases that can get you the highest pay per click rates.One of the best ways to find these keywords is to get as many recommendations from different sources as possible. Word of mouth is one of the best ways to go when it comes to getting referrals for any type of paid advertisement. What I mean by this is if you have someone that you know who is an expert in their field, they might be willing to give you a copy of their research paper that they have written.If you do not have a referral then you can try to find a free research paper from one of the internet's leading newspapers. If you want to send an e-mail to the publisher of the newspaper and ask them if they would like to pu blish your research paper on their website, you will most likely receive a response back that you can use as a reference.If you are willing to pay a fee then you can contact a directory where they are willing to publish your research paper for you. The prices for listing a research paper on the directory can range from ten dollars to sixty dollars.The best research paper writing service will allow you to pick which keywords to use to get you paid the most per click. They will also know about keywords that are related to your business so that you do not waste your time trying to find keywords that do not even relate to your business.The research paper writing service will also tell you which articles will bring the most traffic to your website. When you understand this and how you can apply it to your online advertising campaign, you will save yourself time and money.Tbest research paper writing service You can start looking at different research papers today that will give you a li st of keywords that are relevant to your business and they will also provide you with a list of other websites that have similar articles. It is only by being aware of this and knowing the competition that you can get the highest pay per click rates possible.

Essay The State of the Pre-Reformation Church - 582 Words

The State of the Pre-Reformation Church There are various ideas about the state of the church before the Reformation. Some individuals say that the church was still considered to be a pillar of hope and comfort for the English people to look up to and gain reassurance from in the 1500s. Others however say that the church was in a horrific state, promoting wrong doing and malevolence. The question to be further considered is whether the church during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries fulfilled its functions while keeping the good English people satisfied. It has been argued that the pre-reformation church was a corrupt and failing institution and therefore Henry had to†¦show more content†¦A Bishop was also obliged to attend Parliament, as he owed the service of counsel to the king, but not many attended regularly. Another grievance towards the Bishops was sexual irregularity with many Bishops seemingly ignoring their vow of chastity by having mistresses and illegitimate children. Neglect of the care of souls and simony were also attributed to the Bishops. The lower clergy and parish priests on the other hand were viewed as both rapacious and ignorant. They were very important for the vast majority of the English people, living in isolated rural communities as they were the only effective representatives of the universal church. Therefore, if they were ineffective many peasants would suffer. According to figures quoted by G R Elton this could be true. Educational standards were very low, so it was fairly easy for somebody to become a parish priest. A sixteenth century survey of the diocese of Gloucester showed that out of 311 clergy 168 could not recite the Ten Commandments, and 33 could not locate them in the Bible. 10 could recite the Lords Prayer, and 39 did not know where to find it in the Bible. Between 1500-50, 869 East Anglican clergy died and left wills and these reveal that only 158 possessed any books at all, and only 17 left Bibles. This would undoubtedly be aShow MoreRelated Henry VIIIs Reformation Essay1025 Words   |à ‚  5 Pages Henry VIIIs Reformation In 1529 Henry VIII started to reform the Catholic Church in England, however there are different opinions as to why he began these controversial changes. The orthodox view concurs that there was a vast anti-clerical feeling in 16th century England; the corrupt church was unpopular with the masses. However the revisionist view claims that the reformation was actually due to politics. Henry needed a male heir and therefore needed a divorce.Read MoreThe Enormous Growth During the Renaissance1420 Words   |  6 Pagesinventive ideas that influence during the European history. The Renaissance occurred between the 14th and 17th century when there was revival in both learning and culture in Europe. It began in Florence, Italy and traveled throughout other city-states in Italy. It mainly occurred in Italy due to the history of Rome and Roman Empire. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that swept through Europe because of a diversion in significant understanding. Italy was so wealthy that people were willingRead MoreMartin Luther, An Augustinian Monk761 Words   |  4 Pagesthe monumental figure in the Reformation movement that brought the religious Holy Roman Catholic Empire down and changed the course of the western world history and culture. Unable to keep his silence on the unscriptural and corrupt practices of the Catholic Church any longer, especially on the issue of the sale of indulgences, he defiantly nailed his hand written Ninety-five Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany. In retaliation, the Catholic Church excommunicated and later condemnedRead MoreThe Renaissance And A Literal Translation Means Rebirth Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagessocial commentaries, allowed for religious figures such as Martin Luther to lead the Protestant reformation, encountering distaste in the current state of the Catholic community he decided to create a new, less corrupt religion. The skeptic aspect of humanism allowed for discussion on analysis of critical tenets of Christianity such as free will, ultimately leading to Luther’s reformation of the Catholic Church. The first substantial movement in the Renaissance was the humanist movement led by FrancescoRead MoreEssay about Baroque Period (1600-1750) General Background890 Words   |  4 Pagesfuture would be shaped by the far reaching consequences of war. These conflicts pitted mainly the northern countries (Belgium, Germany, England, Sweden) against the Catholic kingdoms of the south (France, Spain, Austria), and further accentuated the pre-existing cultural differences between Northern and Southern Europe. However, tremendous scientific, philosophical, and artistic accomplishments that constitute the practical foundation of modern civilization flourished side by side with continual warfareRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1487 Words   |  6 Pagesfleas bit them. Bubonic plague was one of the most feared diseases pf the ancient and medieval worlds. 2.City-states led to The renaissance in Italy: Renaissance society first took shape within the merchant cities of late medieval Italy. Italy had a cultural advantage over the rest of Europe because its geography made it the natural gateway between east and west. The city-states had wealth from commerce and that that were present in the Middle Ages. 3.Charles vIII’s march through ItalyRead MoreThe Reformation And Its Impact On The Early Modern Period1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe reformation was a drastic event in the early modern period that launched Europe into a massive conflict of widespread violence, through both political and religious factors. The political scene had remained very much the same before the beginning of the reformation in 1517, with many philosophers sharing similar ideas on how to handle the issues of sovereignty and private property. Religion was a long debated factor before the reformation however was brought inadvertently to the forefront ofRead MoreThe Development Of Exploration And The Industrial Revolution1168 Words   |  5 PagesMany historians refer to the time between ‘Exploration† and â€Å"The Industrial Revolution† as era of â€Å"Early Modern History†. In between ‘Exploration† and â€Å"The Industrial Revolution† were markers known as â₠¬Å"Reformation† and â€Å"Enlightenment†. This was a time where nations became established and grew increasingly curious of the world around them. Several technological and intellectual advances occurred during this era. Early modern history began with the â€Å"Exploration† period and ended with the â€Å"IndustrialRead MoreFreedom of Religion: THe Maryland Toleration Act Essay886 Words   |  4 Pagespracticing their religion was passed. The animosity between Protestants and Catholics in the United States of America, also called ‘American Anti-Catholicism’, resulted from the English Reformation. British colonists were determined to establish a truly reformed church in the early American colonies. Puritans ‘[left] England for the New World in order to worship in their own way.’ These children of the Reformation soon discovered not a ‘new’ land but an old problem, of factions within the faction. ManyRead MoreA Secularization - The Effects Of The Early Reformation1083 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Secularization – The Effects of the Early Reformation† In Philip Benedict’s article in response to Brad Gregory’s novel, The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society; Benedict addresses the long-term effects that the early Reformation had on the modern world. The articles objective is to explain how things came to be as they are institutionally and ideology in the contemporary Western world and to provide an explanation of how the past became the present. According

The Start of Something New free essay sample

The fall from the top always hurts when you hit the bottom. After 10 years of competitive swimming I was at the top of my game. I was one of the best swimmers on my team and had made friends all over the state of Connecticut through various swim meets. However, after my switch to rowing at the start of my junior year, I plummeted to the bottom. I was a ghost. No one knew me and no one wanted to know me. Because I was nobody, just another kid walking through the boat house doors going to practice. But I wanted to reclaim my glory. I wanted to be back on the top. I made rowing the most single important thing in my life junior year. I constantly reached out to my teammates. I looked for any advice that could aid in my improvement in this new terrain of athletics. I listened to my coaches, and my captains; trying to harness any bit of information that could help me in my conquest to return to the top. We will write a custom essay sample on The Start of Something New or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But this was not easy. Everyone on my team had skills that were far superior to mine. I stood alone as the only novice rower on the varsity team. To me this didn’t matter. I let nothing stand in my way of improving my rowing skills. While other kids were staying out late on weekends, I was preparing myself for an early morning practice out on the water. Whenever I got to practice, I went straight to work. I constantly reminded myself of what must be done in order to achieve my goals. Before long my hard work and determination was noticed by my coaches. They placed me in the lightweight varsity 8 boat along with 7 other great rowers who had been participating in this sport for years. I immediately connected to the others kids in my boat. We all pushed one another and worked as a team in order to accomplish what needed to be done. Each of us rowed together in harmony transforming 8 individuals into one single entity. Our abilities to work together as one earned our spot in the Youth Rowing Nationals in Oakridge, Tennessee, one of the most competitive rowing events for high school students. I was back on the top. Although I fell, I was able to pick myself up. My hard work and determination paid off. I was given the award of Best Novice and I finally felt welcomed as I stood alongside my rowing brothers. I faced many challenges and made many sacrifices but none of that mattered to me in the end. Out of ashes I rose and I began my climb to the top, and I will never stop that climb.

Jessica Hagen Essays - Afrikaner People, White South African People

Jessica Hagen Ethno-Film Study The Boer War The Boer War was the struggle of the Boers, or Dutch descent farmers, to keep the power of their land away from the British. They wanted to control their own land, and they were not going to let the British have an easy take over. The Boer War is also known as the South African War, and was fought from 1899 to 1902 (World 435). The British learned of resources they could use in the African area and there was a major struggle over who would control the area. This war was known as a ?gentlemen's war', the ?last Colonial war', and the ?forgotten war' (1). This was a major bloodbath, yet it was overshadowed and forgotten because of World War I. This was the biggest war fought by Britain in Africa (2). The Boers were people of Dutch, German, or French ancestry that lived in South Africa (World 436). Many of these people were farmers; the word Boer is actually a Dutch word meaning farmer (World 436). They felt that the British should not be able to take supremacy in their colonies, and they refused to be under control of the British King. The British felt that they would easily take over they South African colonies. It is quoted that they felt this "colonial conflict" would be over and settled in time for them to be "home for Christmas" (2). The British were very wrong by entering the conflict with such an overwhelming confidence. They did not realize that the Boers cherished their land and independence, and they would fight with passion and strength to keep their freedom. The Britain government and army underestimate the Boers. The Boers had an unconventional way of fighting and their "guerilla warfare hit and run tactics" (2) were not easy for the British army to fight. The war that the British Empire felt would be an easy take over led to a four-year battle. The British began using "blockhouse lines," which is a "scorched earth" policy (2). They had to resort to desperate measures because they were not able to handle the "swift-moving, mounted farmers armed with deadly Mauser rifles and bitter determination" (1). A fter the British began destroying anything that they came into contact with the Boers decided it was in their best interest to sign the peace treaty of Vereeniging on May 31, 1902 (2). The Boers were not punished for participating in the war; however, they had to sign a contract of faithfulness to King Edward VII (World 436). Although this war is said to be forgotten, the determination of the Boers to keep their freedom can never be forgotten by the British that underestimated them.

Chinas Treatment of Its Growing Elderly Population

China's Treatment of Its Growing Elderly Population Chinas famous one-child policy had an aftereffect of creating a larger elderly population. Westerners often hear about how much regard the Chinese have for the elderly, but as China grows old, a number of challenges potentially await the emerging superpower. With this review of the elderly in China, better your understanding of how old people are treated in the country and the impact of a rapidly aging population there. Statistics About the Aging Population   The population of the elderly (60 or older) in China is about 128 million, or one in every 10 people. By some estimates, that puts Chinas sheer number of senior citizens at the largest in the world. It is estimated that China could have up to 400 million people over 60 years of age by the year 2050. But how will China address its masses of senior citizens? The country has changed dramatically in recent years. This includes the changing of its family structure. In traditional Chinese society, the elderly used to live with one of their children. But today more and more young adults are moving out, leaving their elderly parents alone. This means that the new generation of elderly people may not have family members to tend to their needs, as young people in the country traditionally have.   On the other hand, many young couples are living with their parents because of economic factors and not because of tradition. These young adults simply cannot afford to buy a house of their own or rent an apartment. Experts say family-based care is now impractical because most middle-aged children have little time to take care of their parents. So, one of the things the elderly have to face in 21st century China is how to live out their twilight years when their families cant take care of them. Older people living alone is not an anomaly in China. A nationwide survey found that about 23 percent of Chinas seniors over the age of 65 live by themselves. Another survey conducted in Beijing showed that fewer than 50 percent of elderly women live with their children. Housing for the Elderly Since more and more elderly  live alone, homes for the elderly arent enough to meet their needs. One report found that  Beijings 289 pension houses could accommodate only 9,924 people  or 0.6 percent of the population above age 60. To better serve the elderly, Beijing adopted regulations to encourage private and foreign investment in homes for the elderly.   Some officials believe that the problems facing Chinas elderly can be solved through combined efforts from family, the local community, and society as a whole. Chinas goal is to establish a support network for senior citizens that provides medical care and helps them avoid loneliness through scholarly pursuits and entertainment. The network would also encourage  senior citizens to continue serving society after retirement age by using the knowledge theyve acquired over the years. As Chinas population ages, the nation will also have to take a hard look at how this shift will affect its ability to compete on the world stage.

Factors affecting learners behaviour in Gauteng Special School, SA Research Proposal

Factors affecting learners behaviour in Gauteng Special School, SA - Research Proposal Example Intellectual disability usually becomes evident during the developmental years’ (IHC Inc; Philosophy and Policy 1996: p 5). In the contemporary times, the concept of disability has moved beyond the constraints of the medical terminology and has embraced a socially relevant stance keeping their all round welfare as the main objective in all their policies and plans. Terzi (2004) believes that the social model is as a powerful and important reminder for people at large to face issues of inclusion vis-a-vis persons with disability, disadvantaged population as fundamental and moral issues. World Health Organization (2005) reports that people with disabilities are important contributors to society and that allocating resources to their rehabilitation would be an investment. Hence, measures that support their integration to mainstream society become highly pertinent issues within the develop agenda of nations. The inclusion of disabled students can be broadly described as efforts to increase the participation of children with disability in the school by expanding course curricula to incorporate their needs (Booth & Ainscow, 1998). Thus inclusion ensures that students with special needs are provided with opportunities to imbibe education and become capable of contributing t the society as a whole. The integration whereas is the inclusion of students with special need within the mainstream school without much changes within the school environment (Minto, 2007; Mittler, 2000). The special schools in South Africa have shown great determination to promote education amongst the children and adults with disability. There have been significant reforms in the education system with National Education Policy Act of 1996 and the South African Schools Act of 1996.... This discussion stresses that the behavioural problem of pupils with intellectual disabilities is important issue that needs to be looked from the wider perspective of social development. While the special schools are doing commendable work for people with disability, the increasingly worsening behaviour of the pupils with developmental disabilities has become a major concern. Thus, this research would focus on identifying the factors that affect learners’ behaviour in the special schools, especially in Gauteng, South Africa. This paper declares that the inclusion of disabled students can be broadly described as efforts to increase the participation of children with disability in the school by expanding course curricula to incorporate their needs. Thus inclusion ensures that students with special needs are provided with opportunities to imbibe education and become capable of contributing t the society as a whole. The integration whereas is the inclusion of students with special need within the mainstream school without much changes within the school environment. The special schools in South Africa have shown great determination to promote education amongst the children and adults with disability. Special schools were also established to include all those children whose disabilities may hinder them from benefiting from education that they are entitled to. The special schools in Gauteng have been distinct in catering to the myriad needs of children with disability

Globalisation - challenges for ceos and solutions Essay

Globalisation - challenges for ceos and solutions - Essay Example Globalization has been a part of human evolution over the centuries. The first phase of globalization occurred from the 1870s to World War I, this was accompanied by industrialization and increase in global trade. The second phase is said to have begun with the end of the Cold war in the 1990's. Technology and communications have been the drivers of this phase. (Parrett: 2005). "Globalization" implies economic integration of nations through trade, investment, production, flow of capital, information technology, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions and other related activities. (Phua : 2004 ). It is essential to understand the scope and dimensions of globalization to enable business benefit from the opportunities for growth as well as the perils. The role of a CEO in the integrated World of tomorrow is all important. However the exact dimensions of the challenges faced by CEOs and their role thereof in the global environment have not been fully defined. Globalization is also takin g place in diverse environments geographically, politically and socially, thus the challenges faced by the CEOs are varied. It is therefore essential that we undertake an analysis of this essential facet as it will define the social as well business environment of the future. (Napolitano: 2006)The role of globalization in the growth of business has been well recognized in recent times. Globalization today is driven by policy changes where governments have reduced the obstacles for trade, thereby making it a tool for development. (Bhagwati : 2004). In a survey of CEOs carried out in the United States, over 75 percent of the CEOs identified international customers, consumers and employees as more important and approximately 70 percent determined reduction in the role of labor unions. With growth opportunities limited at home, it was also identified that expansion of market share was important for growth for which globalization provided the ideal vehicle. (NIST Survey :1998). The chall enge of globalization for companies is to harmonize local sensitivities to the harsh realties of competitive business in the international arena. (Duncan: 2002). Globalization is also driving competition and hence creating new opportunities. These need to be seized and companies should position themselves to take advantage of the situation. (Parrett: 2005). Globalization also creates complexity, this creates a need for the CEOs to explain and manage this complexity successfully. (CEO Survey). Globalization has created economies of scale at an international level creating beneficiaries from variations in inflation; savings, competition, and job creation in say China with low-cost manufacturing which has kept inflation low. (Parrett: 2005). Role of CEOs The CEO has a major role to play in sustaining corporate continuity in a cohesive manner to include intangible facets as customer satisfaction, product and service quality, ethical conduct and reputation, operational performance, and employee commitment. (Parrett: 2005). The CEO has to transact with the society as a whole and particularly its three major constituents, other companies, government, and civil society. (Napolitano: 2006). The CEO has to seamlessly link the organization globally and locally by synergizing its goals and aspirations in both the dimensions. (Napolitano: 2006). A CEO should be sensitive to ensure that the organizations goals and operations are not creating resentment in society which in the final analysis would damage the company in the longer run. (Napolitano: 2006). A CEOs role is perceived as a partner rather than a leader. It has a lot to do with effective management of the company, its external involvement as well as the government. (Global Corporate Citizenship : 2003). Nearly 80 percent of CEOs say they have made reducing unnecessary complexity a personal priority. Their primary focus areas are information

Comparing Schools Essay Example for Free

Comparing Schools Essay This report provides advice on the collection and reporting of information about the performances of Australian schools. The focus is on the collection of nationally comparable data. Two purposes are envisaged: use by education authorities and governments to monitor school performances and, in particular, to identify schools that are performing unusually well or unusually poorly given their circumstances; and use by parents/caregivers and the public to make informed judgements about, and meaningful comparisons of, schools and their offerings. Our advice is based on a review of recent Australian and international research and experience in reporting on the performances of schools. This is an area of educational practice in which there have been many recent developments, much debate and a growing body of relevant research. Our work is framed by recent agreements of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), in particular, at its meeting on 29 November 2008: C OAG agreed that the new Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority will be supplied with the information necessary to enable it to publish relevant, nationally-comparable information on all schools to support accountability, school evaluation, collaborative policy development and resource allocation. The Authority will provide the public with information on each school in Australia that includes data on each school’s performance, including national testing results and school attainment rates, the indicators relevant to the needs of the student population and the school’s capacity including the numbers and qualifications of its teaching staff and its resources. The publication of this information will allow comparison of like schools (that is, schools with similar student populations across the nation) and comparison of a school with other schools in their local community. (COAG Meeting Outcomes) Our work also has been framed by the recently endorsed MCEETYA Principles for Reporting Information on Schooling (see Section 1. 4). Before summarising our specific recommendations, there are some general conclusions that we have reached from our review of international research and experience. The specific recommendations that follow are best understood in the context of these general conclusions: †¢ Vigilance is required to ensure that nationally comparable data on individual schools does not have the unintended consequence of focusing attention on some aspects of the purposes of schooling at the expense of other outcomes that are as important but not as easily measurable. Parents/caregivers and the public are interested in a broad range of information about schools, and nationally comparable data should be reported in the context of this broader information. †¢ Although it has become popular in education systems in some other parts of the world to use statistical models to develop ‘measures’ of school performance and to report these measures publicly in league tables, we believe that there are very v Reporting and Comparing School Performances  sound technical and educational reasons why school measures of this kind should not be used for public reporting and school comparisons. †¢ Related to this point, we are not convinced of the value of reporting ‘adjusted’ measures of student outcomes publicly. Measures of student outcomes should be reported without adjustment. †¢ To enable the comparison of unadjusted student outcomes across schools, we believe that a ‘like-schools’ methodology should be used. This methodology would allow parents/caregivers, the public, and education systems to compare outcomes for schools in similar circumstances. †¢ While point-in-time measures of student outcomes often are useful, it is difficult to establish the contributions that teachers and schools make to point-in-time outcomes. In general, measures of student gain/growth across the years of school provide a more useful basis for making judgements about the value that schools are adding. †¢ Measures of gain/growth are most appropriately based on measurement scales that can be used to monitor student progress across the years of school. The NAPLAN measurement scales are an example and provide educational data superior to that available in most other countries. Consideration should be given to developing national measurement scales for early literacy learning and in some subjects of the national curriculum. †¢ Initially reporting should build on the understandings that parents and the public have already developed. For example a school’s NAPLAN results should be reported in forms that are consistent with current NAPLAN reports for students. Although much work needs to be done in defining the most appropriate measures, the principle should be to build on the representations of data that are already familiar to people. Recommendations Our report makes the following specific recommendations: student outcome measures †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the literacy and numeracy skills of students in each school, using NAPLAN (Years 3, 5, 7 and 9). †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the tertiary entrance results of students in each senior secondary school. These data could be reported as the percentage of students achieving tertiary entrance ranks of 60 or above, 70 or above, 80 or above, and 90 or above (calculated as a percentage of the students achieving tertiary entrance ranks). †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each senior secondary school completing Year 12 or equivalent; the percentage of students applying to all forms of post-school education; and the percentage of students completing VET studies. vi Reporting and Comparing School Performances †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the achievements of students in core national curriculum subjects (English, mathematics, science and history), beginning in 2010. National assessments could be developed initially at Year 10. †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the early literacy learning of children in each primary school. These assessments will need to be developed and should be administered upon entry to school and used as a baseline for monitoring progress across the first few years of school. physical and human resources †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected about sources and amounts of funding received by each school, including all income to the school from State and Commonwealth governments, as well as details of fees payable by parents, including those that are mandatory and any voluntary levies that parents are expected to pay. †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the numbers and qualifications of teaching staff in each school. Basic data would include academic qualifications, details of pre-service teacher education, and details of any advanced certification (eg, Advanced Skills Teacher; Level 3 Teacher). student intake characteristics †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the socio-economic backgrounds of students in each school. Data should be based on information collected at the individual student level, using at least parental occupation and, possibly, parental education levels, under the agreed MCEETYA definitions. †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each school of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander background under the agreed MCEETYA definition. †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each school identified as having a language background other than English (LBOTE) under the agreed MCEETYA definition. †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the geo-location of each school using a 3-category scale: metropolitan, provincial, and remote. †¢ Nationally comparable data should be collected on the percentage of students in each school with special educational needs. A nationally agreed definition of this category will need to be developed. like-school comparisons †¢ In reporting student outcome data for a school, data for like-schools should be provided as a point of comparison. Like-schools will be schools in similar circumstances and facing similar challenges. †¢ In determining ‘like-schools’, account should be taken of the percentage of students with Indigenous backgrounds, the socio-economic backgrounds of the students in the school, and the percentage of students from language backgrounds other than English. vii Reporting and Comparing School Performances †¢ For each school separately, like-schools should be identified as the schools most similar to that school on the above characteristics (rather than pre-defining a limited number of like-school categories). †¢ Work should commence as soon as possible on the development of an appropriate like-schools methodology. public reporting †¢ For the purpose of providing public information about schools, a common national website should be used to provide parents/caregivers and the public with access to rich information about individual schools. †¢ The national website should provide information about each school’s programs, philosophies, values and purposes, provided by the school itself, as well as nationally comparable data, provided centrally. †¢ Nationally comparable student outcome data should, wherever possible, provide information about current levels of attainment (ie, status), gain/growth across the years of school, and improvement in a school over time. †¢ The complete database for each state/territory should be made available to the relevant state/territory departments of education and other employing authorities, enabling them to interrogate data for their schools and to make judgments about school performances using aggregated data and national summary statistics. We believe that almost all nationally comparable data collected centrally could be reported publicly. The exceptions would arise when the public reporting of data may have negative and unintended consequences for schools. For example, we can envisage negative consequences arising from the reporting of the socio-economic backgrounds of students in a school, or of the financial circumstances of struggling, small schools (both government and non-government). We also believe that data reported publicly should be factual data about a school, and not the results of secondary analyses and interpretations that are open to debate (eg, value-added measures). viii Reporting and Comparing School Performances 1. INTRODUCTION In education, good decision making is facilitated by access to relevant, reliable and timely information. Dependable information is required at all levels of educational decision making to identify areas of deficiency and special need, to monitor progress towards goals, to evaluate the effectiveness of special interventions and initiatives, and to make decisions in the best interests of individual learners. The focus of this  paper is on the provision and use of information about individual schools. The starting point is the observation that relevant and reliable information about schools is required by a range of decision makers – including parents and caregivers, school principals and school leadership teams, system managers and governments, and the general public – all of whom require dependable information that they can use to maximise opportunities and outcomes for students. 1. 1 Audiences and Purposes  Parents and caregivers require valid and reliable information to evaluate the quality of the education their children are receiving, to make informed decisions in the best interests of individual students, and to become active partners in their children’s learning. They require dependable information about the progress individuals have made (the knowledge, skills and understandings developed through instruction), about teachers’ plans for future learning, and about what they can do to assist. There is also considerable evidence that parents and caregivers want information about how their children are performing in comparison with other children of the same age. And, if they are to make judgements about the quality of the education their children are receiving, they require information that enables meaningful comparisons across schools. School leaders require reliable information on student and school performances for effective school management. Research into factors underpinning school  effectiveness highlights the importance of the school leader’s role in establishing an environment in which student learning is accorded a central focus, and goals for improved performance are developed collaboratively by staff with a commitment to achieving them. School managers require dependable pictures of how well students in a school are performing, both with respect to school goals for improvement and with respect to past achievements and achievements in other, comparable schools. Governments and system managers require dependable information on the performance and progress of individual schools if they are to exercise their responsibilities for the delivery of quality education to all students. Effective management depends on an ability to monitor system-wide and school performances over time, to gauge the effectiveness of special programs and targeted resource allocations, to monitor the impact of policies, and to evaluate the success of initiatives aimed at traditionally disadvantaged and underachieving sections of the student population. Accurate, reliable information allows system managers to measure progress against past performances, to identify schools and issues requiring special attention, to target resources appropriately, and to set goals for future improvement. 1 Reporting and Comparing School Performances 1. 2 Forms of Information Because there are multiple audiences and purposes for information about schools, the forms of information required for effective decision making are different for different stakeholders. Parents and caregivers require a wide range of information, including information relating to their immediate needs (eg, Is the school easily accessible by public transport? Does it have an after-school program? What fees and/or levies does it charge? ); the ethos of the school (eg, What evidence is there of bullying/harassment? What are the espoused values of the school? Do students wear uniforms? What level of discipline is imposed? Who is the principal? ); their child’s likely educational experience (eg, Who will be my child’s teacher next year? Will they be in a composite class? How large will the class be? Does the school have a literacy intervention program? What extra-curricular activities are provided? ); and the school’s educational results (eg, Does the school achieve outstanding Year 12 results? ). School leaders require other forms of information, including information relating to staffing and resources (eg, What resources are available for music next year? How many beginning children have special learning needs? ); the effectiveness of initiatives (eg, Is there any evidence that the extra class time allocated to literacy this year made a difference?); and academic results (eg, How many Year 5 students did not meet the minimum performance standard in Reading? Have our results improved since last year? Are we still below the state average? How did last year’s Year 12 results compare with those of the neighbouring school? ). System managers and governments require still other forms of information, including information to monitor system-wide trends over time, to evaluate the effectiveness of attempts to raise standards and close gaps, and to identify schools that are performing unusually well or unusually poorly given their circumstances. In general, the schoollevel information required by system managers and governments is less fine-grained than the information required by parents, teachers and school leaders. Figure 1 displays schematically various forms of information that could be made available about a school, either publicly or to specific audiences (eg, system managers). The forms of evidence represented in Figure 1 are: A: student outcome measures that a school could choose to report Most schools report a wide range of information about the achievements of their students to their school communities. This information is reported in school newsletters, local and community newspapers, school websites, and at school events. The information includes details of Year 12 results, analyses of postschool destinations, results in national mathematics and science competitions, language certificates, awards, prizes, extra-curricular achievements, community recognition, and so on. Most schools take every opportunity to celebrate the achievements of their students and to announce these achievements publicly. 2 Reporting and Comparing School Performances Figure 1. Forms of information that could be made available about a school B:a sub-set of student outcome measures on which it is agreed to collect nationally comparable data Within the set of student outcome information that might be reported for a school, there could be a sub-set of outcomes on which it was agreed to collect nationally comparable data. A reason for identifying such a sub-set would be to ensure some common measures to facilitate school comparisons – within a local geographical area, across an entire education system, nationally, or within a group of ‘like’ schools. Inevitably, nationally comparable data would be collected for only some of the outcomes that schools, parents and communities value. Performances on common literacy and numeracy tests in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 are an example of nationally comparable data currently in this category. C. physical and human resources measures that a school could choose to report Schools provide information in various forms and to various audiences about their physical and human resources. Information of this kind includes details of staff qualifications and teaching experience, staff turnover rates, school global budgets, computers and other technology, newly constructed facilities, bequests, results of fundraising drives, and so on. Some of this information may be reported to the school community; some may be kept confidential to the school, education system or government departments. D: a sub-set of physical and human resources measures on which it is agreed to collect nationally comparable data Within the set of physical and human resources measures reported for a school, there could be a sub-set of measures on which it was agreed to collect nationally comparable data. For example, there have been recent calls for greater consistency and transparency in the reporting of school funding arrangements (Dowling, 2007; 2008) and for more consistent national approaches to assessing and recognising teacher quality (Dinham, et al, 2008). 3 Reporting and Comparing School Performances E. student intake measures that a school could choose to report Most schools have considerable information about their students. For example, they may have information about students’ language backgrounds, Indigenous status, socio-economic backgrounds, learning difficulties and disabilities. This information usually is reported only within education systems or to governments and is not reported publicly, although schools sometimes provide information to their communities about the range of languages spoken by students in the school, the countries from which they come, the percentage of Indigenous students in the school and the school’s special Indigenous programs, or the number of severely disabled students and the facilities and support provided for these students. F: a sub-set of student intake measures on which it is agreed to collect nationally comparable data. Within the set of student intake characteristics reported for a school, there could be a sub-set of measures on which it was agreed to collect nationally comparable data. Some progress has been made toward nationally consistent definitions and nationally consistent data collections on student background characteristics. G. all other information that a school could choose to make available Beyond information about student outcomes, student backgrounds and their physical and human resources, schools provide a range of other information to the communities they serve. 1. 3 Nationally Comparable Data Acknowledging the many purposes and audiences for information about schools, and the various forms that this information can take, the specific focus of this paper is on the collection and reporting of nationally comparable data for the purposes of evaluating and comparing school performances. In other words, the focus is on categories B, D and F in Figure 1. We envisage three broad uses of such data: †¢ use by parents and caregivers in judging the quality of educational provision and in making informed decisions in the best interests of individual students; †¢ use by school leaders in monitoring a school’s improvement and benchmarking the school’s performance against other, comparable schools; and †¢ use by education systems and governments in identifying schools that are performing unusually well or unusually poorly given their circumstances. As noted above, these three stakeholder groups are likely to have different needs. The ways in which nationally comparable data are analysed, combined and reported may be different for different purposes. We see the process of reaching agreement on the core data that should be available about a school as a national collaborative process, and see little value in arriving at different conclusions about these data for different parts of the country. 4 Reporting and Comparing School Performances 1. 4 Principles for Reporting The Principles for Reporting Information on Schooling (see pages 6-7) adopted by the Ministerial Council for Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCCETYA) provide an important point of reference for any proposed collection and use of nationally comparable data on schools. These principles recognise the multiple audiences and purposes for information about schools, the need to collect broad evidence about student and school performances, and the desirability of monitoring intended and unintended consequences of reporting information on schools. Australian governments have undertaken to ensure that data provided for the purposes of comparing schools are reliable and fair and take into account the contexts in which schools work. Governments also have undertaken not to develop simplistic league tables of school performances. 1. 5 Structure of Paper This paper first considers the kinds of nationally comparable data that might be collected about schools for the purposes outlined above. We draw on national and international research and experience, attempt to anticipate the likely requirements of different audiences, and take into account what measures currently exist and what additional measures might be desirable in the future. Each of the three data categories in Figure 1 is considered in turn: †¢ †¢ †¢ student outcome measures physical and human resources measures student intake measures (sections 2-3) (section 4) (section 5) We then consider alternative ways of evaluating and comparing school performances. Two broad methodologies are discussed: †¢ †¢ the direct comparison of student outcomes the construction of measures of school performance (section 6) (section 7) Finally, we consider issues in reporting publicly on the performances of schools: †¢ †¢ audiences and purposes for reporting options for public reporting on schools (section 8) (section 9) 5 Reporting and Comparing School Performances MCEETYA PRINCIPLES FOR REPORTING INFORMATION ON SCHOOLING There is a vast amount of information on Australian schooling and individual schools. This includes information about the educational approach of schools, their enrolment profile, staffing, facilities and programs, and the education environment they offer, as well as information on the performance of students, schools and systems. Different groups, including schools and their students, parents and families, the community and governments, have different information needs. The following principles provide guidance on requirements for information on schooling, including the types of information that should be made readily available to each of the groups noted above. These principles will be supported by an agreed set of national protocols on the access to and use of information on schooling. Good quality information on schooling is important: FOR SCHOOLS AND THEIR STUDENTS. Principle 1: Schools need reliable, rich data on the performance of their students because they have the primary accountability for improving student outcomes. Good quality data supports each school to improve outcomes for all of their students. It supports effective diagnosis of student progress and the design of quality learning programs. It also informs schools’ approaches to provision of programs, school policies, pursuit and allocation of resources, relationships with parents and partnerships with community and business. Schools should have access to: †¢ Comprehensive data on the performance of their own students that uses a broad set of indicators †¢ Data that enables each school to compare its own performance against all schools and with schools of similar characteristics †¢ Data demonstrating improvements of the school over time †¢ Data enabling the school to benchmark its own performance against that of the bestperforming schools in their jurisdiction and nationally FOR PARENTS AND FAMILIES. Principle 2: Information about schooling, including data on the performance of individuals, schools and systems, helps parents and families to make informed choices and to engage with their children’s education and the school community. Parents and families should have access to: †¢ Information about the philosophy and educational approach of schools, and their staffing, facilities, programs and extra-curricular activities that enables parents and families to compare the education environment offered by schools †¢ Information about a school’s enrolment profile, taking care not to use data on student 1  characteristics in a way that may stigmatise schools or undermine social inclusion. †¢ Data on student outcomes that enables them to monitor the individual performance of their child, including what their child knows and is able to do and how this relates to what is expected for their age group, and how they can contribute to their child’s progress †¢ Information that allows them to assess a school’s performance overall and in improving student outcomes, including in relation to other schools with similar characteristics in their jurisdiction and nationally. 1 Any use or publication of information relating to a school’s enrolment profile should ensure that the privacy of individual students is protected. For example, where the small size of a school population or of a specific student cohort may enable identification of individual students, publication of this information should be avoided. 6 Reporting and Comparing School Performances FOR THE COMMUNITY. Principle 3: The community should have access to information that enables an understanding of the decisions taken by governments and the status and performance of schooling in Australia, to ensure schools are accountable for the results they achieve with the public funding they receive, and governments are accountable for the decisions they take. Students are an important part of our society and take up a variety of roles within it after leaving school. The community is therefore a direct and indirect consumer of the product of our schools, as well as providing the means of public funding. Information about schools in the public domain fulfils the requirement that schools be accountable for the results they achieve with the public funding they receive, including relative to other ‘like’ schools; it should also give the community a broad picture of school performance and a sense of confidence in our school systems. The community should have access to: †¢ Information about the philosophy and educational approach of schools, and their staffing, facilities, programs and extra-curricular activities that enables the community to compare the education environment offered by schools. †¢ Information about individual schools’ enrolment profile, taking care not to use data on student characteristics in a way that may stigmatise schools or undermine social inclusion †¢ National reporting on the performance of all schools with data that allows them to view a school’s performance overall and in improving student outcomes, including in relation to other schools with similar characteristics RESPONSIBLE PROVISION OF SCHOOLING INFORMATION Australian Governments will ensure that school-based information is published responsibly so that: †¢ any public comparisons of schools will be fair, contain accurate and verified data, contextual information and a range of indicators to provide a more reliable and complete view of performance (for example, information on income, student body characteristics, the spread of student outcomes and information on the value added by schools) †¢ governments will not devise simplistic league tables or rankings and will put in place strategies to manage the risk that third parties may seek to produce such tables or rankings, and will ensure that privacy will be protected. †¢ reports providing information on schooling for parents and families and the community will be developed based on research on what these groups want to know and the most effective ways the information can be presented and communicated. FOR GOVERNMENTS Principle 4: Governments need sound information on school performance to support ongoing improvement for students, schools and systems. Government also need to monitor and evaluate the impacts (intended and unintended) of the use and release of this information to improve its application over time. Good quality information on schooling enables governments to: †¢ analyse how well schools are performing †¢ identify schools with particular needs †¢ determine where resources are most needed to lift attainment †¢ identify best practice and innovation in high-performing schools that can be mainstreamed and used to support improvements in schools with poorer performance †¢ conduct national and international comparisons of approaches and performance †¢ develop a substantive evidence base on what works. This will enable future improvements in school performance that support the achievement of the agreed education outcomes of both the Ministerial Council for Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs and the Council of Australian Governments. 7 Reporting and Comparing School Performances 2. STUDENT OUTCOMES Information about the outcomes of a school’s efforts is key information for parents and caregivers if they are to judge the quality of educational provision; for school leaders to monitor a school’s performance and improvement; and for education systems and governments to identify schools in need of additional support. However, schools work to promote many different kinds of outcomes for their students. For some schools, an important objective is to improve school attendance rates. For others, assisting students to make successful transitions into the workforce is a high priority. Some schools are more focused than others on supporting the social, spiritual and emotional development of students. Still others measure their success in terms of entry rates into highly sought-after university courses. Decisions about the outcomes to be reported publicly for schools are important because they influence judgements about how well individual schools are performing. This is particularly true when education systems and governments attempt to construct ‘measures’ of school performance: Perverse incentives can arise when the [school] performance measure has both a large impact upon actors and focuses on an aspect of schooling that does not reflect the true or overall purpose and objectives of schools. Unfortunately, this can be common in school performance measures if the performance measure is too narrowly defined. (OECD, 2008, 26).